4 - Das Essen

4 - Das Essen

Das Essen A

Learning Objectives

In these activities, you show that you can:

  • distinguish between traditional German food in different regions of Germany
  • summarize the preferences and attitudes towards the kind of food Germans eat and buy
  • identify similarities and differences in naming traditional German food items in the DACH countries
  • demonstrate your consideration for cultural similarities and differences related to food preferences in a cross-cultural context
  • interpret short texts and a video and identify relevant information about frequently consumed foods
  • communicate with others in spoken conversation on topics related to food, using a variety of practiced or memorized words, phrases, simple sentences, and questions

Scenarios

You are making plans for a typical meal but with someone from a German-speaking country in mind.

  1. You introduce yourselves to each other by name, clarifying by spelling it, and ask how you are.
  2. You determine if you should ‘duzen’ (using the informal ‘du’) or ‘Siezen’ (using formal ‘Sie’); note: in German the person of higher rank or older age will determine.
  3. You share about your interests, likes/dislikes, and habits related to food and meals, using high-frequency words.
  4. You prepare by making a list of different items that you need in a meal - using German.
  5. Show interest and enthusiasm / empathy and exchange contact information asking about social media, phone number etc.
  6. You say goodbye depending on whether you’ll see each other again; note: “Bis später” only works if you really will see each other again. If you use it, the other person will likely say “Ach ja? Wann?”

Tools

Vocabulary

  • international – national – europäisch – amerikanisch – deutsch – österreichisch – Schweizer – französisch – italienisch
  • typisch – unterschiedlich - anders – möglich
  • aus*sehen: es sieht (nicht / sehr) gut aus

    • an*bieten: die deutsche Küche bietet [?] an

    es gibt dort [?]

Grammar and Structures

These grammatical structures can help you in the upcoming tasks.

Structure
Usage
nehmen + [Accusative]sehen + [Accusative]brauchen + [Accusative]
Ich nehme esse eine Pizza und einen Salat. Du siehst die Wurst und den Käse. Wir brauchen den Wein und das Bier.
Es gibt + [Accusative]
Es gibt den Speck und den Kuchen. Es gibt die Wurst und das Brot.
Es gibt + zum [meal]
Was gibt es zum Abendessen?

Cultural Knowledge

Note the following information:

Fact
Effect
Saying “Mahlzeit” as a mid-day phrase when you go to lunch
“Mahlzeit” means literally a meal, but it is also an informal mid-day phrase especially with older people in a professional setting.
Like any national cuisines, traditional German cuisine also uses readily accessible and available items
Traditional German cuisine may have pork, potatoes and beans more so than fruits and vegetables that don’t grow in Northern Europe. Germans are changing, however, becoming increasingly more vegetarian and, of course, amenable to international cuisines that immigrants and international trade and travel have made popular.

Tasks

Activity 1: Interpreting Information

  1. Listening/viewing/reading
In preparation for the upcoming oral parts, please review the following websites and note words and images that communicate information about prevalent foods:

Typisch Deutsch (once you have accessed the site, scroll to the map of Germany)

Next, please listen to and view this video and take written notes using the questions below:

So isst Deutschland

Finally access the website Kulinarisches to begin to appreciate the dialectal differences between German, Austrian, and Swiss terms for high-frequency foods; take notes in response to the prompts below.

  1. Interpreting Information
Please write down notes to the following prompts:

The map on the website Typisch Deutsch shows typical, traditional, regional foods. How many times to do you see the words “Speck” and “Wurst”? If you don’t know what they mean, please look them up. Please note the translation and whether you think that in your culture there is a similar prevalence? What else can you observe about the items on the map?

In response to the video So isst Deutschland, please note the high-percentage attitudes and practices by Germans. Focus on three that are of interest to you, translate the terms if you need help, and note if these preferences are similar to your own - or different from your own or people you know.

Finally access the website Kulinarisches to begin to appreciate the dialectal differences between German, Austrian, and Swiss terms for high-frequency foods; take notes in response to these prompts by writing down the Austrian and Swiss equivalents to the German high-frequency words:

Brötchen

Kartoffel

Kohl

Mais

Sahne

These notes will naturally lead you to do the following activities. Use the vocabulary, grammar and structures, and cultural knowledge to talk about yourself and to engage with your partners.

Activity 2: Presenting Information

Present pertinent information about yourself.

Using your notes from the previous activities, please share what observations you have made about “typical” German foods and Germans’ attitudes about food, using as much detail as possible - in German.

Next, briefly describe your observations on the differences between high-frequency foods in German, Austrian and Swiss German.

Lastly, comment on how your findings compare to similarities and differences in regards to attitudes toward and the naming of foods in the US.

This activity should take you 3-5 minutes to prepare and your presentation should last about 1-2 minutes.

Activity 3: Exchanging Information

Practice with partner(s) (interpersonal activity).

Taking the previous activities as a guide, engage in a brief conversation with partners covering the following topics:

  • Greet your partners and introduce yourselves, sharing information on name, origin, what you do, like /dislike etc.
  • Decide if you should ‘duzen’ (using the informal ‘du’) or ‘Siezen’ (using formal ‘Sie’); note: in German the person of higher rank or older age will determine.
  • Imagine that you are getting ready to prepare a meal. Based on your notes and observations, collaborate to craft a shopping list for a meal. Which items might you want to put on this shopping list – if you want to respect a German visitor’s preferences?
  • Take turns pretending to be a person from a German-speaking country sharing what you want to see on the list.

These activities should take you 3-5 minutes to prepare and your presentation and conversation should last about 1-2 minutes.

Take-Aways

Self-Reflection

Ask yourself what went well, where you or your partner(s) struggled to communicate, and how you could improve next time. To help you keep speaking in German, try these strategies:

Problem
Strategies
I don’t know a word
Look it up, use its opposite with “nicht” or “kein-“ use gestures, Pantomime
I don’t understand my partner
Repeat the word you don’t understand and inflect at the end to indicate it’s a question. Ask for repetition with the phrase “Wie bitte?”

Digging Deeper: Follow-up Activities

  • Research and note additional things that you would want to include for a typical meal with a German.
  • Formulate your opinion about what you found out – do you like / dislike what the Germans do?

Why might they have these preferences and conventions?

Das Essen B

Learning Objectives

In these activities, you show that you can:

  • Identify typical food items for different meals of the day
  • describe these food items with additional details by using adjectives in German
  • identify similarities and differences between Germans’ and Americans’ cultural attitudes and activities related to eating together (etiquette, typical meals for typical times)
  • interpret short texts and a video and identify relevant information about what Germans do when it comes to shared meals
  • communicate with others in spoken conversation on topics related to food activities, using a variety of practiced or memorized words, phrases, simple sentences, and questions

Scenarios

You are making plans for a meal but with someone from a German speaking country in mind.

  1. You introduce yourselves to each other by name, clarifying by spelling it, and ask how you are.
  2. You determine if you should ‘duzen’ (using the informal ‘du’) or ‘Siezen’ (using formal ‘Sie’); note: in German the person of higher rank or older age will determine.
  3. You share about your likes/dislikes, and habits related to similarities and differences between Germans’ and Americans’ cultural attitudes and activities related to eating together (etiquette, typical meals for typical times), using high-frequency words.
  4. Show interest and enthusiasm / empathy and exchange contact information asking about social media, phone number etc.
  5. You say goodbye depending on whether you’ll see each other again; note: “Bis später” only works if you really will see each other again. If you use it, the other person will likely say “Ach ja? Wann?”

Tools

Vocabulary

  • der Garten – die Küche – der Spaß – der Rest – das Wasser
  • kaufen – kochen – verbinden -
  • mindestens – ungefähr – gleich
  • manchmal – oft – früh – nie – selten – gleich

    • am Morgen – am Vormittag – am Nachmittag –

    am Abend

    um … Uhr

    von … bis… / … Stunden dauern

  • die Mahlzeit zusammen
  • Guten Appetit!

    • Das ist sehr gut – schmeckt lecker

    Das finde ich nicht so gut – das schmeckt nicht so gut

    Ich esse [?] (nicht) gern – Isst du [?] so gern wie…?

    Das macht man nicht – das macht man so…

Grammar and Structures

These grammatical structures can help you in the upcoming tasks.

Structure
Usage
Prepositions with accusative case
durch: sie laufen durch den Garten für: wir machen eine Party für den Gast aus Deutschland gegen: wir sind gegen den Fettanteil in Fast Food ohne: diese Mahlzeit ist gut – auch ohne den Zucker um: Beim Kochen geht es um den Geschmack
Adjectives and accusative nounsw/ der-words,w/ ein-words,and w/out articles
Ich sehe den alten Mann / die junge Frau / das kleine Kind einen alten Mann / eine junge Frau / ein kleines Kind alten Wein / frische Milch / kaltes Wasser Zum Frühstück gibt es kalte Butter.
Describe etiquette
Man nimmt nicht den Löffel für den Fisch.

Cultural Knowledge

Note the following information:

Fact
Effect
Saying “Guten Appetit!” when you eat with others
Germans tend to not start eating a meal with others before saying “Guten Appetit!”
Typical meals
Traditionally, the largest meal was cooked for lunch and contained the staples of starch, meat, and vegetables. As German society has become more mobile and members of a household might not be able to come together for lunch, things have changed, and people forego the full meal during the day for lighter fare.
Shopping for food
When shopping for food in German-speaking countries, many Americans encounter surprises: you have to bring or pay for bags, you have to bag the groceries yourself, and refrigerators tend to be much smaller. Also, remember that the grocery store is usually closed on Sundays. Plan accordingly.

Tasks

Activity 1: Interpreting Information

  1. Listening/viewing/reading
In preparation for the upcoming activities, please review these websites and take written notes using the questions below:

Also, please view these videos:

Essen: Frühstück

Essen kochen

Tisch-Manieren

  1. Interpreting Information
Please write down notes to the following prompts:

Based on the video Essen: Frühstück, note the words for typical food items for breakfast. If you don’t know them, look them up. Also write down an appropriate adjective for each food item. In the video Essen kochen, you learn about ingredients for pizza – jot down three things you hear and see, or identify alternatives. Now, also write down fitting adjectives for these food items. Finally, see the video Tisch-Manieren - what three details might you want to note regarding Germans’ practices related to table manners? What do they do that seems relevant/surprising/or silly to you – and why?

How does the information in the videos compare to your own practices or experiences? How might someone else in your family or friend circle answer?

These notes will naturally lead you to do the following speaking activities. Use the vocabulary, grammar and structures, and cultural knowledge to talk about yourself and to engage with your partners.

Activity 2: Presenting Information

Present pertinent information about yourself.

Using your notes from the previous activity, please record yourself describing your real or imagined favorite breakfast, lunch or dinner, giving detailed information about what food items you eat. Please also share your real (or imagined) preferences about meals together with others and the etiquette connected with food.

Please use high-frequency words and adjectives in order to provide as much detail as you can.

This activity should take you 3-5 minutes to prepare and your presentation should last about 1-2 minutes.

Activity 3: Exchanging Information

Practice with partner(s) (interpersonal activity).

Taking the previous activity as a guide, engage in a brief conversation with a partner covering the following topics:

  • Greet your partners and introduce yourselves, sharing information on name, origin, what you do, like / dislike etc.
  • Decide if you should ‘duzen’ (using the informal ‘du’) or ‘Siezen’ (using formal ‘Sie’); note: in German the person of higher rank or older age will determine.
  • Imagine that you are talking about plans for or having an actual meal together. Talk about your likes / dislikes of the food you eat and the rules governing how to do so. Take turns pretending to be a person from a German-speaking country sharing what one (“man”) should and should not do.
  • Share your own opinion (likes / dislikes) about these cultural conventions in Germany.

These activities should take you 3-5 minutes to prepare and your presentation and conversation should last about 1-2 minutes.

Take-Aways

Self-Reflection

Ask yourself what went well, where you or your partner(s) struggled to communicate, and how you could improve next time. To help you keep speaking in German, try these strategies:

Problem
Strategies
I don’t know a word
Look it up, use its opposite with “nicht” or “kein-“ use gestures, Pantomime
I don’t understand my partner
Repeat the word you don’t understand and inflect at the end to indicate it’s a question. Ask for repetition with the phrase “Wie bitte?”

Digging Deeper: Follow-up Activities

  • Create games with index cards: Draw 10 food items on 10 index cards. Write the German nouns for each item on another set of 10 other index cards, including the article. Mix all cards and play memory.
  • Variation: Create another memory game: Draw adjectives on 10 memory cards, and write the German words on 10 additional cards. Play memory.
  • Up a notch: Put the nouns in one pile, and the adjectives into another, Take a card from each stack and combine, e.g. kalt + die Butter = die kalte Butter or Das ist die kalte Butter.
  • Up two notches: Accusative: Create another memory game for transitive verbs: Draw 10 pictures symbolizing 10 verbs on 10 index cards, and write the German verb on another set of 10 index cards. Play memory until you memorize all verbs. Then combine the verbs, adjectives, and nouns: pick a card with a verb, one with an adjectives, and one with a noun. Combine, e.g. nehmen + frisch + der Apfel = Ich nehme einen frischen Apfel. Say it out loud and write down the (silly) sentence.
  • Research and note additional things that you would eat, or check out a menu from a typical restaurant in Germany, or a German restaurant near you. You might be surprised by what you find out.
  • Research more about table manners. Formulate your opinion about what you find out: Do you like / dislike these rules and conventions?
  • Why might they have come about? Do / did they make sense for you / the people in Germany?

Das Essen C

Learning Objectives

In these activities, you show that you can:

  • give information about yourself and your real or ideal activities and experiences related to fast food - in German
  • interpret short texts and videos and identify relevant information on the fast food practices in Germany and in the US.
  • communicate by addressing an audience and by interacting with others in spontaneous spoken conversation on both very familiar and everyday topics, using a variety of practiced or memorized words, phrases, simple sentences, and questions

Scenarios

You are meeting someone from a German speaking country in a context that is not clearly informal, e.g. a school event, a study abroad fair, a post-lecture networking event, or where there is a significant age or status difference between you and the other person.

  1. You introduce yourselves to each other by name, clarifying by spelling it, and ask how you are.
  2. You determine if you should ‘duzen’ (using the informal ‘du’) or ‘Siezen’ (using formal ‘Sie’); note: in German the person of higher rank or older age will determine.
  3. Share about your real or ideal routines and experiences related to fast food and what you know about cultural differences in connection with the topic between people in the US and German-speaking countries. Use high-frequency words in German and giving as much detail as possible.
  4. Engage in a simulated exchange at a fast food restaurant from arriving and ordering to paying and leaving. Use high-frequency words to express as much detail as possible.

Tools

Vocabulary

  • Fast Food und Cafés
  • Ich bekomme – Was kostet…? – Das kostet…

    • Das macht [?] Euro(s) und [?] Cent

    Das Geld – die Karte – zahlen

    Magst du…? – Ich mag… ?

    finden: Das finde ich (nicht) toll / schlecht

    nehmen – holen – tragen - geben

    fertig – dick – zunehmen

Grammar and Structures

These grammatical structures can help you in this conversation.

Structure
Usage
Accusative pronouns
Ich liebe es – ich liebe dich – sie liebt ihn – er liebt sie ­– Zu viele Big Macs machen uns dick
mögen – gern haben – liebengefallen (for items other than food)schmecken (for food)
Ich mag Schokolade. Er hat sie gern. Eltern lieben ihre Kinder. Der Film / das Sweatshirt gefällt mir. Das Essen schmeckt super.
es gibt
In Deutschland gibt es

Cultural Knowledge

Note the following information:

Fact
Effect
Use of bread
Germans love their bread varieties and typically prefer a heavier, grainier type of bread that they eat in open-faced sandwiches for breakfast and often also for dinner
Fast Food
In many German cities you find US fast food restaurants. However, Germans also have their own versions of fast food such as sausage, döner and pretzel stands, and restaurants such as Nordsee and Vapiano that offer healthier varieties.

Tasks

Activity 1: Interpreting Information

  1. Listening/viewing/reading

    2. View these videos to see typical structures to use when ordering and paying for food:

    Nicos Weg: Bäckerei vs. Markt vs. Pizza

    View these websites to see information about popular fast food in Germany:

    Fast Food Ranking Deutschland

    Döner

  2. Interpreting Information

    3. Please write down notes to the following prompts:

    In the videos Bäckerei vs. Markt vs. Pizza, you see individuals ordering and paying for food. Please write down note the relevant structures (by piecing images and audio together) for the transactions.

    In the websites Fast Food Ranking Deutschland and Döner, you are introduced to the most popular fast food items in Germany. Please write down note three details using high-frequency words and as much detail as possible.

Activity 2: Presenting Information

Present pertinent information about yourself.

Please record yourself giving your opinion (likes and dislikes) about fast food, paying particular attention to similarities and differences between Germany and the US and between the information you learned and your own (real or imagined) practices and experiences. Please use high-frequency words and as much detail as possible.

This activity should take you 3-5 minutes to prepare and your presentation should last about 1-2 minutes.

Activity 3: Exchanging Information – Rollenspiel

Practice with partner(s) (interpersonal activity).

Taking the previous activities as a guide, engage in a brief conversation with a partner covering the following topics:

  • Greet your partner(s) and introduce yourselves, sharing information on name, origin, what you do, like /dislike etc.
  • Decide if you should ‘duzen’ (using the informal ‘du’) or ‘Siezen’ (using formal ‘Sie’); note: in German the person of higher rank or older age will determine.
  • Show interest and enthusiasm / empathy / sincerity by responding with details and contrasts to discuss the topics of fast food:
    • Share about what you gleaned from the videos and website about fast food in Germany and similarities and differences between Germany and the US, GA, your own experience. Please use high-frequency words and as much detail as possible.
    • Assign to each other the roles of server and customer in a fast food restaurant of your choice. Using pertinent structures from greeting and ordering to paying and leaving, complete the role-play by asking and answering each other’s questions.

This activity should take you 3-5 minutes to prepare and your presentation and conversation should last about 2-3 minutes.

Take-Aways

Self-Reflection

Ask yourself what went well, where you or your partner(s) struggled to communicate, and how you could improve next time. To help you keep speaking in German, try these strategies:

Problem
Strategies
I don’t know a word
Look it up, use its opposite with “nicht” or “kein-“ use gestures, Pantomime
I don’t understand my partner
Repeat the word you don’t understand and inflect at the end to indicate it’s a question.Ask for repetition with the phrase “Wie bitte?”

Digging Deeper: Follow-up Activities

  • Create a shopping list with items you currently need. Feel free to look up relevant vocabulary. Sort all items: Write down where you would buy them.
  • Watch this video (from start until 2:07) and write down all expressions you recognize: Listen carefully since some characters have a bit of a dialect. Also, look up the words for any items that spark your interest.
  • Look up more phrases to express interest, enthusiasm, and likes / dislikes and simple ways to agree or disagree, and to affirm and negate statements.
  • Look up more words related to getting you your favorite foods, using high-frequency words and as much detail as possible.
  • Research more information on fast food in Germany, such as Currywurst, Frikadellen, etc. , or about the café culture in German-speaking countries. Begin to formulate your own opinion about the cultural similarities and differences between Germany and the US as they relate to cultural conventions and practices.

Das Essen D

Learning Objectives

In these activities, you show that you can:

  • interpret infographics and short texts and identify relevant information for your use
  • compare and share information about the calory intake in the US and Germany and other countries
  • critically evaluate infographics from different sources, by giving examples for discrepancies and missing information
  • develop and present arguments pertaining to food access based on information about calory intake in different countries
  • communicate by addressing an audience and by interacting with others in spontaneous spoken conversation on both very familiar and everyday topics, using a variety of practiced or memorized words, phrases, simple sentences, and questions

Scenarios

You are collaborating with a group of German-speaking in a context that is clearly informal. You introduce yourselves to each other by name, what you are studying, and ask how you are.

  1. Share pertinent information about calory intake in different countries of the world and what you know about US-German differences related to what people eat and do not eat. Use high-frequency words in German and give as much detail and contrast as possible.
  2. Show interest and enthusiasm / empathy for the other person’s arguments.
  3. Compile a list of arguments to be presented in a conference.
  4. You say goodbye to your partner and thank him/her for the good work.

Tools

Vocabulary

  • die Meinung sagen
  • das Gefühl – das Problem

    • stimmen – das stimmt – genau

    finden – meinen – richtig – falsch

    jemand – niemand

    viel / viele – wenig /wenige

    verschieden – anders – offen – frei

    finden: Das finde ich (nicht) gut

    gefallen: Das gefällt mir (nicht)

Grammar and Structures

These grammatical structures can help you in this conversation.

Structure
Usage
Adjectives with Nominative and Accusative with der-words andwith ein-words andwithout article
Der grüne Salat ist besser als die dicke Suppe. Ich mag den grünen Salat – aber nicht die dicke Suppe. Ein grüner Salat ist besser als eine dicke Suppe. Ich mag einen grünen Salat – aber keine dicke Suppe. Grüner Salat ist besser als dicke Suppe. Ich mag grünen Salat – aber nicht dicke Suppe.
Placing “nicht” before the item it negates,except when it negates the verb entirely:Then “nicht” goes to the end.
Wir essen nicht heute Pizza, sondern morgen. Ich esse das alles nicht. Ich mag fetten Braten überhaupt nicht.

Cultural Knowledge

Note the following information:

Fact
Effect
Germans tend to like healthy, fresh foods
In German culture (and in Europe generally), health and well-being are deemed important, and the diet is a huge part of it. Hence all foods are closely monitored by supervisory offices for their content and potentially detrimental ingredients.
Germans tend to like being slender
While there is obesity in the DACHL countries, young people, in particular, tend to be concerned with being healthy and fit. Older generations may still recall the post-WWII era of poverty and hunger, but young Germans have likely never experienced a dirth of food.

Tasks

Activity 1: Interpreting Information - Medien

  1. Listening/viewing/reading

    2. View these websites (by just skimming) to note pertinent information in support of the prompts below:

  • Kalorien in der Welt (note the map’s legend to understand the color-coded information)
  • Kalorien: Mehr als genug (once you have accessed the website, skim the text and scroll down to the map and infographic, noting to see what you can glean as additional information)
  • Kalorien: So viele sind genug (once you have accessed the website, scroll down to the interactive evaluation by filling in your real or imagined personal numbers, noting what your recommended caloric intake is)
  1. Interpreting Information

    2. Please write down notes to the following prompts:

    Having accessed the websites Kalorien in der Welt and Kalorien: Mehr als genug, what information do you have about the places with the most and least caloric intakes and how do these relate to the US and Germany? How do the maps differ, and what information do the maps not provide?

    Having completed the self-assessment on the website Kalorien: So viele sind genug, how does the information compare to what is said about the US in the websites above?

    These notes will naturally lead you to do the following speaking activities. Use the vocabulary, grammar and structures, and cultural knowledge to talk about yourself and to engage with your partners.

Activity 2: Presenting Information

Present pertinent information about yourself and the world.

Please record yourself giving pertinent information based on your notes in response to the prompts above, using high-frequency words and as much detail as possible.

This activity should take you 3-5 minutes to prepare and your presentation should last about 1-2 minutes.

Activity 3: Exchanging Information

Practice with partner(s) (interpersonal activity).

Taking the previous activities as a guide, engage in a brief conversation with a partner covering the following topics:

  • Greet your partner(s) and introduce yourselves, sharing information on name, origin, what you do, like /dislike etc.
  • Decide if you should ‘duzen’ (using the informal ‘du’) or ‘Siezen’ (using formal ‘Sie’); note: in German the person of higher rank or older age will determine.
  • Imagine that you are collaborating to give a presentation to the UN on the similarities and differences in the distribution of food access in the world. Identify the main message that you want to communicate. Next, design a logical sequence for the information in support of your message based on the notes related to the activities you completed above. Now, identify equal speaking parts to all. Take turns speaking based on this outline. Argue with details why your message is important and how it relates to you, to the US and to Germany. Use high-frequency words to express likes/dislikes, your opinion and disagreement, and come to a conclusion.

These activities should take you 5-10 minutes to prepare and your collaborative presentation should last about 2-3 minutes.

Take-Aways

Self-Reflection

Ask yourself what went well, where you or your partner(s) struggled to communicate, and how you could improve next time. To help you keep speaking in German, try these strategies:

Problem
Strategies
I don’t know a word
Look it up, use its opposite with “nicht” or “kein-“ use gestures, Pantomime
I don’t understand my partner
Repeat the word you don’t understand and inflect at the end to indicate it’s a question.Ask for repetition with the phrase “Wie bitte?”

Digging Deeper: Follow-up Activities

  • Watch this video and write down all words and expressions you recognize: Nicos Weg Folge 68 Ist das gesund
  • Make a list of items for a healthy fruit or vegetable smoothie. Write down the calories for each ingredient to figure out how many calories one glass of your smoothie would have. For inspiration: Watch this video (from start until 1:48): Obst mit Frau Mümmel
  • Look up more words and phrases to describe information on maps and infographics, to express likes and dislikes and simple ways to agree or disagree, and to affirm and negate statements.